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The ''Vitruvian Man'', (イタリア語:Le proporzioni del corpo umano secondo Vitruvio) or simply ''L'Uomo Vitruviano'' (:ˈlwɔːmo vitruˈvjaːno), is a drawing by Leonardo da Vinci around 1490.〔The Secret Language of the Renaissance - Richard Stemp〕 It is accompanied by notes based on the work of the architect Vitruvius. The drawing, which is in pen and ink on paper, depicts a man in two superimposed positions with his arms and legs apart and inscribed in a circle and square. The drawing and text are sometimes called the ''Canon of Proportions'' or, less often, ''Proportions of Man''. It is kept in the Gabinetto dei disegni e stampe of the Gallerie dell'Accademia, in Venice, Italy, under reference 228. Like most works on paper, it is displayed to the public only occasionally. The drawing is based on the correlations of ideal human proportions with geometry described by the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius in Book III of his treatise ''De Architectura''. Vitruvius described the human figure as being the principal source of proportion among the Classical orders of architecture. Vitruvius determined that the ideal body should be eight heads high. Leonardo's drawing is traditionally named in honor of the architect. ==Subject and title== This image demonstrates the blend of art and science during the Renaissance and provides the perfect example of Leonardo's deep understanding of proportion. In addition, this picture represents a cornerstone of Leonardo's attempts to relate man to nature. ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' online states, "Leonardo envisaged the great picture chart of the human body he had produced through his anatomical drawings and ''Vitruvian Man'' as a ''cosmografia del minor mondo'' (cosmography of the microcosm). He believed the workings of the human body to be an analogy for the workings of the universe." According to Leonardo's preview in the accompanying text, written in mirror writing, it was made as a study of the proportions of the (male) human body as described in Vitruvius. The text is in two parts, above〔 and below〔 the image. The first paragraph of the upper part reports Vitruvius: "Vetruvio, architect, puts in his work on architecture that the measurements of man are in nature distributed in this manner, that is: * a palm is four fingers * a foot is four palms * a cubit is six palms * four cubits make a man * a pace is four cubits * a man is 24 palms and these measurements are in his buildings". The second paragraph reads: "if you open your legs enough that your head is lowered by one-fourteenth of your height and raise your hands enough that your extended fingers touch the line of the top of your head, know that the centre of the extended limbs will be the navel, and the space between the legs will be an equilateral triangle". The lower section of text gives these proportions: * the length of the outspread arms is equal to the height of a man * from the hairline to the bottom of the chin is one-tenth of the height of a man * from below the chin to the top of the head is one-eighth of the height of a man * from above the chest to the top of the head is one-sixth of the height of a man * from above the chest to the hairline is one-seventh of the height of a man. * the maximum width of the shoulders is a quarter of the height of a man. * from the breasts to the top of the head is a quarter of the height of a man. * the distance from the elbow to the tip of the hand is a quarter of the height of a man. * the distance from the elbow to the armpit is one-eighth of the height of a man. * the length of the hand is one-tenth of the height of a man. * the root of the penis is at half the height of a man. * the foot is one-seventh of the height of a man. * from below the foot to below the knee is a quarter of the height of a man. * from below the knee to the root of the penis is a quarter of the height of a man. * the distances from below the chin to the nose and the eyebrows and the hairline are equal to the ears and to one-third of the face. The points determining these proportions are marked with lines on the drawing. Below the drawing itself is a single line equal to a side of the square and divided into four cubits, of which the outer two are divided into six palms each, two of which have the mirror-text annotation "palmi"; the outermost two palms are divided into four fingers each, and are each annotated "diti". Leonardo is clearly illustrating Vitruvius' ''De architectura'' 3.1.2-3 which reads: Leonardo's drawing combines a careful reading of the ancient text with his own observation of actual human bodies. In drawing the circle and square he correctly observes that the square cannot have the same centre as the circle, the navel, but is somewhat lower in the anatomy. This adjustment is the innovative part of Leonardo's drawing and what distinguishes it from earlier illustrations. He also departs from Vitruvius by drawing the arms raised to a position in which the fingertips are level with the top of the head, rather than Vitruvius's much lower angle, in which the arms form lines passing through the navel. The drawing itself is often used as an implied symbol of the essential symmetry of the human body, and by extension, of the universe as a whole. It may be noticed by examining the drawing that the combination of arm and leg positions actually creates sixteen different poses. The pose with the arms straight out and the feet together is seen to be inscribed in the superimposed square. On the other hand, the "spread-eagle" pose is seen to be inscribed in the superimposed circle. The drawing was purchased from Gaudenzio de' Pagave by Giuseppe Bossi,〔Bossi, Giuseppe (1810)(''Del Cenacolo di Leonardo da Vinci libri quattro'' ) (in Italian) Milano: Stamperia Reale p.208''ff''〕 who described, discussed and illustrated it in his monograph on Leonardo's ''The Last Supper'', ''Del Cenacolo di Leonardo da Vinci libri quattro'' (1810). The following year he excerpted the section of his monograph concerned with the ''Vitruvian Man'' and published it as ''Delle opinioni di Leonardo da Vinci intorno alla simmetria de'Corpi Umani'' (1811), with a dedication to his friend Antonio Canova. After Bossi's death in 1815 the ''Vitruvian Man'' was acquired in 1822, along with a number of his drawings, by the Gallerie dell'Accademia in Venice, Italy, and has remained there since. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Vitruvian Man」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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